University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Optimizing design of 3D seismic Optimizing design of 3D seismic 1 12 58886 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58886 FA Journal Article 2015 08 24 https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58886_7d849e39a886658dc9dd96a6cb34d280.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Dynamics and Thermodynamics Analysis Dynamics and Thermodynamics Analysis 13 26 58887 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58887 FA Journal Article 2015 10 06 https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58887_d1b3b09dd4b4a6a3120fb5b9ffe9377f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Simulation of entrainment near a density stratified layer: Laboratory experiment and LIDAR observation Simulation of entrainment near a density stratified layer: Laboratory experiment and LIDAR observation 27 34 58888 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58888 FA Masoud Khoshsima Journal Article 2015 10 10 In this paper a simple qualitative model of the growth of a mixed layer adjacent to a uniform layer with a stably stratified layer is presented. The depth variations of mixed layer can be estimated from direct measurements. The Entrainment of a stably stratified layer into a turbulent mixed layer in a confined region was studied in laboratory for different Richardson numbers. The internal waves generated at the interface propagate into the stratified fluid. The experiments on entrainment near a density stratified layer have shown that the rate of entrainment is a weaker function of Ri than the case with a two layer case. It was also shown that the internal waves in the stratified region, with typical buoyancy period of about 10 s may interact with turbulence near the interface and create a non-uniform entrainment rate as an oscillatory behavior with a typical time scale of 150 s. The process is qualitatively consistent with processes associated with the way internal waves interact with turbulence and create a momentarily buoyancy flux with different signs. The modal structure of these waves appears to interact with the turbulence processes near the interface creating a non-uniform entrainment rate usually in steps. This may be related to the vertical wave number of the dominant wave which is dependent on the depth of the stratified layer as well as the horizontal cross section of the tank. The results show that the dominant mixing mechanisms are different for different Richardson number Ri ranges, the dominant entrainment mechanism was the impingement of the eddies on the interface and splashing of heavier fluid into the mixed layer. Also applicability of this work for the atmospheric boundary layer, its growth and the entrainment zone was considered as the aerosol backscattering from the convective boundary layer shows spatial variations due to non-uniform mixing of the naturally occurring aerosol near the entrainment zone. For considering the applicability of this method for the atmospheric boundary layer, we used lidar measurements of this layer. Aerosol backscattering from the convective boundary layer shows spatial variations due to non-uniform mixing of the naturally occurring aerosol. Lidar measurements of the thickness of the entrainment zone show reasonable agreement with laboratory results. Both lidar and tank results show that simple parcel theory does not properly predict entrainment-zone thickness. The internal waves with the non-uniform entrainment of the mixed layer and free atmosphere with the amplitude of around 100 meters and a period of 15 minutes, is formed. Results show that the oscillation of aerosol layer is probably due to non-uniform entertainment in the interface between the mixed layer and free atmosphere with an increasing range resolution of LIDAR in entrainment zone. It can be shown, results in experiments has some consistency with growth and aerosol layer oscillations in atmospheric boundary layer. Although it seems to be a qualitative similarity between entrainment behavior at the top of the atmospheric mixed layer and laboratory experiments "mixing box", but the two are quite different as lab experiments are in an enclosure without mean flow, while the top of the mixed layer is a free solid boundary flow which may be associated with mean flow shear. In this paper a simple qualitative model of the growth of a mixed layer adjacent to a uniform layer with a stably stratified layer is presented. The depth variations of mixed layer can be estimated from direct measurements. The Entrainment of a stably stratified layer into a turbulent mixed layer in a confined region was studied in laboratory for different Richardson numbers. The internal waves generated at the interface propagate into the stratified fluid. The experiments on entrainment near a density stratified layer have shown that the rate of entrainment is a weaker function of Ri than the case with a two layer case. It was also shown that the internal waves in the stratified region, with typical buoyancy period of about 10 s may interact with turbulence near the interface and create a non-uniform entrainment rate as an oscillatory behavior with a typical time scale of 150 s. The process is qualitatively consistent with processes associated with the way internal waves interact with turbulence and create a momentarily buoyancy flux with different signs. The modal structure of these waves appears to interact with the turbulence processes near the interface creating a non-uniform entrainment rate usually in steps. This may be related to the vertical wave number of the dominant wave which is dependent on the depth of the stratified layer as well as the horizontal cross section of the tank. The results show that the dominant mixing mechanisms are different for different Richardson number Ri ranges, the dominant entrainment mechanism was the impingement of the eddies on the interface and splashing of heavier fluid into the mixed layer. Also applicability of this work for the atmospheric boundary layer, its growth and the entrainment zone was considered as the aerosol backscattering from the convective boundary layer shows spatial variations due to non-uniform mixing of the naturally occurring aerosol near the entrainment zone. For considering the applicability of this method for the atmospheric boundary layer, we used lidar measurements of this layer. Aerosol backscattering from the convective boundary layer shows spatial variations due to non-uniform mixing of the naturally occurring aerosol. Lidar measurements of the thickness of the entrainment zone show reasonable agreement with laboratory results. Both lidar and tank results show that simple parcel theory does not properly predict entrainment-zone thickness. The internal waves with the non-uniform entrainment of the mixed layer and free atmosphere with the amplitude of around 100 meters and a period of 15 minutes, is formed. Results show that the oscillation of aerosol layer is probably due to non-uniform entertainment in the interface between the mixed layer and free atmosphere with an increasing range resolution of LIDAR in entrainment zone. It can be shown, results in experiments has some consistency with growth and aerosol layer oscillations in atmospheric boundary layer. Although it seems to be a qualitative similarity between entrainment behavior at the top of the atmospheric mixed layer and laboratory experiments "mixing box", but the two are quite different as lab experiments are in an enclosure without mean flow, while the top of the mixed layer is a free solid boundary flow which may be associated with mean flow shear.

https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58888_e780bdc21c76e65d0e63b2979a22273f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability Using Data Mining Technique in Hashtgerd Plain Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability Using Data Mining Technique in Hashtgerd Plain 35 41 57743 10.22059/jesphys.2016.57743 FA Journal Article 2015 10 18 Due to simple operation and no needs for expensive infrastructure construction to convey water from a source to farm lands, groundwater becomes the most important sources of agricultural water supply in Iran. However, the contamination of aquifers is a major concern in many countries, specifically in areas without effective groundwater protection and management. Therefore, groundwater vulnerability assessment would be one of the effective informative methods to provide a basis for determining source of pollution. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability is often done by intrinsic vulnerability, which considers hydro-geological conditions. The concept of vulnerability of aquifers was introduced for first time by Marget in 1986. The first definition of vulnerability was proposed by Marget and it means the degree of groundwater contamination by pollution reaching an groundwater system. Overlay and index method could be mentioned as existing method to assess intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater. Moreover the vulnerability index is relatively, dimensionless and immeasurable and depends to hydrogeology and geology of aquifer characteristics. Since then, many researchers applied many methods and techniques to provide a standard way for evaluation of vulnerability. As it mentioned before, it should be noted that all of methods is relatively and dimensionless, using various data depended to sort of aquifer. Compared to other models, DRASTIC model, which is an overlay and index method, is the most popular index that used in many researches. The DRASTIC model is easy to implement and provides a good basis for assessment of groundwater vulnerability in facing contamination. Also it needs a relatively small amount of data that is often available in many aquifers. Vulnerability maps applied as one of the effective management ways to qualitative management. Several models like DRASTIC were applied to this end and many researchers have tried to introduce approaches to provide more realistic constant ranks and weights using in the models. Meanwhile application of DRASTIC model is highly influenced by assigning the weights and ranks. Therefore, it is necessary to use a model depended on variable weights and ranks according to the aquifer features. In this study, clustering technique is employed in regionalization of groundwater flow zone so as to vulnerability assessment of a groundwater case study. To this end, K-Means clustering as unsupervised pattern recognition technique is applied. Thanks to intelligent algorithm of the clustering in finding similarities out of the dataset, the proposed method of this research is capable to be used in each aquifer without considering calibration. The method is employed in a large-scale aquifer in center of Iran and finding results are compared with vulnerability maps of the regions created by DRASTIC approach. In this paper clustering algorithm as one of the applicable data mining methods is used taking the advantage of be independent from constant ranks and weights. In another word, vulnerability map of each region is provided by clustering according to the specific features of each region. Optimum number of clusters is obtained 4 numbers by applying cluster validity index. Cluster map is then created based on spatial location of the created clusters representing the vulnerability map of the region. The map shows that upstream parts of the field are in high risk of groundwater vulnerability. Here, just four influential parameters are used by the clustering method in providing maps. Other parameters could be considered by clustering based on specific characteristics of each aquifer. Due to simple operation and no needs for expensive infrastructure construction to convey water from a source to farm lands, groundwater becomes the most important sources of agricultural water supply in Iran. However, the contamination of aquifers is a major concern in many countries, specifically in areas without effective groundwater protection and management. Therefore, groundwater vulnerability assessment would be one of the effective informative methods to provide a basis for determining source of pollution. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability is often done by intrinsic vulnerability, which considers hydro-geological conditions. The concept of vulnerability of aquifers was introduced for first time by Marget in 1986. The first definition of vulnerability was proposed by Marget and it means the degree of groundwater contamination by pollution reaching an groundwater system. Overlay and index method could be mentioned as existing method to assess intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater. Moreover the vulnerability index is relatively, dimensionless and immeasurable and depends to hydrogeology and geology of aquifer characteristics. Since then, many researchers applied many methods and techniques to provide a standard way for evaluation of vulnerability. As it mentioned before, it should be noted that all of methods is relatively and dimensionless, using various data depended to sort of aquifer. Compared to other models, DRASTIC model, which is an overlay and index method, is the most popular index that used in many researches. The DRASTIC model is easy to implement and provides a good basis for assessment of groundwater vulnerability in facing contamination. Also it needs a relatively small amount of data that is often available in many aquifers. Vulnerability maps applied as one of the effective management ways to qualitative management. Several models like DRASTIC were applied to this end and many researchers have tried to introduce approaches to provide more realistic constant ranks and weights using in the models. Meanwhile application of DRASTIC model is highly influenced by assigning the weights and ranks. Therefore, it is necessary to use a model depended on variable weights and ranks according to the aquifer features. In this study, clustering technique is employed in regionalization of groundwater flow zone so as to vulnerability assessment of a groundwater case study. To this end, K-Means clustering as unsupervised pattern recognition technique is applied. Thanks to intelligent algorithm of the clustering in finding similarities out of the dataset, the proposed method of this research is capable to be used in each aquifer without considering calibration. The method is employed in a large-scale aquifer in center of Iran and finding results are compared with vulnerability maps of the regions created by DRASTIC approach. In this paper clustering algorithm as one of the applicable data mining methods is used taking the advantage of be independent from constant ranks and weights. In another word, vulnerability map of each region is provided by clustering according to the specific features of each region. Optimum number of clusters is obtained 4 numbers by applying cluster validity index. Cluster map is then created based on spatial location of the created clusters representing the vulnerability map of the region. The map shows that upstream parts of the field are in high risk of groundwater vulnerability. Here, just four influential parameters are used by the clustering method in providing maps. Other parameters could be considered by clustering based on specific characteristics of each aquifer.

https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_57743_cc06d3729e330c4e0c27fe5b53acae70.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Observation of vertical electron density profile in inospheric E-layer during Indian-Ocean earthquake on December 2004 using CHAMP satellite Observation of vertical electron density profile in inospheric E-layer during Indian-Ocean earthquake on December 2004 using CHAMP satellite 43 47 58891 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58891 FA Journal Article 2015 11 04 https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58891_76dc365257d9b4f762a31b3eba9315b8.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Spatial analysis and investigation of Tele-connection patterns with drought in central Iran Spatial analysis and investigation of Tele-connection patterns with drought in central Iran 49 61 58915 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58915 FA Mehran Fatemi Kamal Omidvar Journal Article 2016 03 15 Drought, as a normal, recurrent climatic condition with complicated mechanism, is one of the least known natural disasters that may occur in any climatic condition. Considering the recent drought events in the Iran and the deterioration of water crisis, especially in the area under study, the necessity of further research in this area is felt. Also, the evaluation and monitoring of drought with reliable indices as well as its relationship with large-scale atmospheric patterns is the first step in the mitigation and management of this natural phenomenon. Thus, this study set out to explore the relationship between dry and wet years in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces and large-scale northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns (teleconnection) using a variety of methods. The results illustrated the relationship of these patterns with drought in central Iran. In the present study, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used as a measure for the severity of the drought. Using statistical methods such as correlation and linear multiple regression models, the most effective patterns and the mechanism of their effect was determined. Of a total of 18 teleconnection patterns with respect to their existence and severity of activity during different seasons, it was found that EPNP, SOI and MEI patterns in Isfahan and NAO, EA, EAWR, TNA and TSA patterns in Kerman had the strongest impact at a significant level of 0.01, but none of these patterns reached the level of significance in Yazd province. Moreover, EAWR, SOI, PDO and TNI patterns in Isfahan, NAO, EA, EPNP, EAWR, POL, SOI, MEI, NOI, PDO, TNA and TSA patterns in Kerman and NAO, EA, EAWR and TNA in Yazd province were significant at significance level of 0.05. As discussed earlier, there are regional differences in this regard, but the impact of teleconnection patterns on the severity of droughts in stations was not symmetrical. In other words, some patterns were more noticeable and active under drought conditions. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Khosravi (2004), in which MEL, NOI, NP, PDO and POL patterns had the most significant correlation with the SPI in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The overlapping of SPI time series and NAO pattern represents the absolute subordination of dry year and wet year frequency of this pattern in Kerman station (in the period 1999-2013), Isfahan station (in the period 2002-2011) and Yazd station (in the period 2008-2011). Moreover, the severe drought of 2010 was accompanied with an unusually low NAO index. The variation of Drought Severity Index in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd stations with respect to TNA index revealed that in Kerman province (in the period 1996-2006), Isfahan province (in the period 1996-2004) and Yazd province (in the period 1994-1998) the greatest harmony between pattern oscillations and intensity of droughts was observed. The year 2010 was considered as an unusual year in all the stations when TNA took a radically different direction and drought severity deteriorated with pattern intensification. Overall, on an annual basis, approximately 37.42, 51.09 and 42.17% of SPI variation in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces can be explained by the models respectively. To determine the patterns that had the greatest effect on the severity of the dry and wet years selected by the model, the stepwise regression models were used. According to the results, the multivariate Scandinavia (SCA) pattern in Isfahan province, Eastern Atlantic (EA) pattern in Kerman province and the Tropical South Atlantic (TSA) in Yazd province in central Iran were the most effective patterns that explained annual SPI variation. As reported by Khosravi (2005), in the winter drought patterns, North Pacific (NP) pattern plays a more significant role, explaining 60% of variation in winter drought severity. The droughts events in central Iran are linked to droughts in northern Scandinavia, West Africa and the Azores. Thus, a deeper understanding of regional droughts and its relationship with large-scale atmospheric patterns can help adopt appropriate measures to efficiently handle natural and water resources. Drought, as a normal, recurrent climatic condition with complicated mechanism, is one of the least known natural disasters that may occur in any climatic condition. Considering the recent drought events in the Iran and the deterioration of water crisis, especially in the area under study, the necessity of further research in this area is felt. Also, the evaluation and monitoring of drought with reliable indices as well as its relationship with large-scale atmospheric patterns is the first step in the mitigation and management of this natural phenomenon. Thus, this study set out to explore the relationship between dry and wet years in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces and large-scale northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns (teleconnection) using a variety of methods. The results illustrated the relationship of these patterns with drought in central Iran. In the present study, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used as a measure for the severity of the drought. Using statistical methods such as correlation and linear multiple regression models, the most effective patterns and the mechanism of their effect was determined. Of a total of 18 teleconnection patterns with respect to their existence and severity of activity during different seasons, it was found that EPNP, SOI and MEI patterns in Isfahan and NAO, EA, EAWR, TNA and TSA patterns in Kerman had the strongest impact at a significant level of 0.01, but none of these patterns reached the level of significance in Yazd province. Moreover, EAWR, SOI, PDO and TNI patterns in Isfahan, NAO, EA, EPNP, EAWR, POL, SOI, MEI, NOI, PDO, TNA and TSA patterns in Kerman and NAO, EA, EAWR and TNA in Yazd province were significant at significance level of 0.05. As discussed earlier, there are regional differences in this regard, but the impact of teleconnection patterns on the severity of droughts in stations was not symmetrical. In other words, some patterns were more noticeable and active under drought conditions. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Khosravi (2004), in which MEL, NOI, NP, PDO and POL patterns had the most significant correlation with the SPI in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The overlapping of SPI time series and NAO pattern represents the absolute subordination of dry year and wet year frequency of this pattern in Kerman station (in the period 1999-2013), Isfahan station (in the period 2002-2011) and Yazd station (in the period 2008-2011). Moreover, the severe drought of 2010 was accompanied with an unusually low NAO index. The variation of Drought Severity Index in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd stations with respect to TNA index revealed that in Kerman province (in the period 1996-2006), Isfahan province (in the period 1996-2004) and Yazd province (in the period 1994-1998) the greatest harmony between pattern oscillations and intensity of droughts was observed. The year 2010 was considered as an unusual year in all the stations when TNA took a radically different direction and drought severity deteriorated with pattern intensification. Overall, on an annual basis, approximately 37.42, 51.09 and 42.17% of SPI variation in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces can be explained by the models respectively. To determine the patterns that had the greatest effect on the severity of the dry and wet years selected by the model, the stepwise regression models were used. According to the results, the multivariate Scandinavia (SCA) pattern in Isfahan province, Eastern Atlantic (EA) pattern in Kerman province and the Tropical South Atlantic (TSA) in Yazd province in central Iran were the most effective patterns that explained annual SPI variation. As reported by Khosravi (2005), in the winter drought patterns, North Pacific (NP) pattern plays a more significant role, explaining 60% of variation in winter drought severity. The droughts events in central Iran are linked to droughts in northern Scandinavia, West Africa and the Azores. Thus, a deeper understanding of regional droughts and its relationship with large-scale atmospheric patterns can help adopt appropriate measures to efficiently handle natural and water resources.

https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58915_2a261ca9d2b05a0bea179916f712f902.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 On the source of plasma density and electric field perturbations in PMSE and PMWE regions On the source of plasma density and electric field perturbations in PMSE and PMWE regions 63 71 58921 10.22059/jesphys.2016.58921 FA Alireza Mohebalhojeh Majid Mazraeh Farahani Journal Article 2016 05 22 On the source of plasma density and electric field perturbations in PMSE and PMWE regions Polar mesospheric summer/winter echoes (PMSE/PMWE) are very strong radar echoes produced by ionospheric electron density fluctuations at half the radar wavelength. The main focus of this paper is the altitude range 80 to 90 km in summer and altitude range 65-86 km in winter in the polar mesosphere . This paper studies the formation of electron density fluctuations in the PMSE/PMWE source region. Using a computational model, the current paper investigates the coupling of the neutral air turbulence with mesospheric dusty plasma as a generation source of fluctuations in plasma and dust densities as well as electric field. The impact of spectrum of irregularity wavelengths in neutral air turbulence including the presence of charged dust particles is investigated and extension of diffusion timescale for electron density fluctuations in smaller wavelength is studied. A comparison of the numerical results with VHF radar observations and in-situ rocket measurement of plasma density perturbations in the mesopause region is presented. The effect of dust density and dust-neutral collision frequencies on the coupling of neutral turbulence and the dust layer in PMSE source region is studied. The computational results are compared with the past theoretical predictions of impact of heavy charged dust on the wavenumber spectrum of electron irregularities. Formation of fluctuations in plasma and electric field in PMWE is considered. The required plasma and dust parameters for neutral turbulence coupling in winter mesosphere is determined. Numerical simulations for coupling of neutral air turbulence with the dusty plasma in the mesosphere are presented to study the fluctuations in the electric field, dust and plasma densities. The consistency of fluctuation amplitude of dusty-plasma densities and electric field with the theory of neutral air turbulence developed by Robertson (2009) is discussed. The effect of dust density and dust-neutral collision frequency on the strength of fluctuations in plasma density and electric field as a result of neutral air coupling in the summer polar mesosphere is investigated. It has been shown minimum dust density to background plasma density of the order of 30 percent and dust-neutral collision frequency about 10$^5$ Hz are required for the coupling to be efficient. The fluctuation amplitude of electric field estimated by computational model shows a good agreement with the theoretical model and in-situ rocket measurements in the vicinity of PMSE source region. Enhancement of electron density fluctuations with smaller wavelengths is observed which validates the VHF and UHF PMSE observations. Variation of electron density was studied as the main requirement for coupling in the winter polar mesosphere. A maximum fluctuation amplitude in the PMWE source region is determined when the electron density is equal to the dust density. These results and the computational model presented in this work can be applied to other problems such as the effect of shock waves due to the passage of rockets through mesosphere on the generated plasma turbulence and associated radar echoes. Other applications such as laboratory applications will be considered in the future work. On the source of plasma density and electric field perturbations in PMSE and PMWE regions Polar mesospheric summer/winter echoes (PMSE/PMWE) are very strong radar echoes produced by ionospheric electron density fluctuations at half the radar wavelength. The main focus of this paper is the altitude range 80 to 90 km in summer and altitude range 65-86 km in winter in the polar mesosphere . This paper studies the formation of electron density fluctuations in the PMSE/PMWE source region. Using a computational model, the current paper investigates the coupling of the neutral air turbulence with mesospheric dusty plasma as a generation source of fluctuations in plasma and dust densities as well as electric field. The impact of spectrum of irregularity wavelengths in neutral air turbulence including the presence of charged dust particles is investigated and extension of diffusion timescale for electron density fluctuations in smaller wavelength is studied. A comparison of the numerical results with VHF radar observations and in-situ rocket measurement of plasma density perturbations in the mesopause region is presented. The effect of dust density and dust-neutral collision frequencies on the coupling of neutral turbulence and the dust layer in PMSE source region is studied. The computational results are compared with the past theoretical predictions of impact of heavy charged dust on the wavenumber spectrum of electron irregularities. Formation of fluctuations in plasma and electric field in PMWE is considered. The required plasma and dust parameters for neutral turbulence coupling in winter mesosphere is determined. Numerical simulations for coupling of neutral air turbulence with the dusty plasma in the mesosphere are presented to study the fluctuations in the electric field, dust and plasma densities. The consistency of fluctuation amplitude of dusty-plasma densities and electric field with the theory of neutral air turbulence developed by Robertson (2009) is discussed. The effect of dust density and dust-neutral collision frequency on the strength of fluctuations in plasma density and electric field as a result of neutral air coupling in the summer polar mesosphere is investigated. It has been shown minimum dust density to background plasma density of the order of 30 percent and dust-neutral collision frequency about 10$^5$ Hz are required for the coupling to be efficient. The fluctuation amplitude of electric field estimated by computational model shows a good agreement with the theoretical model and in-situ rocket measurements in the vicinity of PMSE source region. Enhancement of electron density fluctuations with smaller wavelengths is observed which validates the VHF and UHF PMSE observations. Variation of electron density was studied as the main requirement for coupling in the winter polar mesosphere. A maximum fluctuation amplitude in the PMWE source region is determined when the electron density is equal to the dust density. These results and the computational model presented in this work can be applied to other problems such as the effect of shock waves due to the passage of rockets through mesosphere on the generated plasma turbulence and associated radar echoes. Other applications such as laboratory applications will be considered in the future work.

https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_58921_b770e138fd149fe142b6245ab1c19b29.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of the Earth and Space Physics 2538-371X 42 4 2016 12 21 Self-Consistent hot spot tracing particles by kinetic simulations: With the emphasis on Cusp particle entry Self-Consistent hot spot tracing particles by kinetic simulations: With the emphasis on Cusp particle entry 73 79 60291 10.22059/jesphys.2016.60291 FA Journal Article 2016 11 08 One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method. One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method. One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method. One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method. One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method. One of the most important advantages of particle simulation as compared to fluid simulation is the capacity for working with and tracing particles. In particle simulations, the test particle method is usually used to get some idea of the behavior of plasma or other substances. In this method, first, a small number of particles are injected into the frame of static electromagnetic fields. Then, movement of particles is investigated using the pattern of the electromagnetic fields. This method is useful; however, as it is needed to work with non self-consistent fields, it lacks precision. In this work, we adapted the particle simulations method, adding the flexibility of working with self-consistent fields that come directly from the simulation. Here we have tried to investigate particle entry from the solar wind with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the magnetospheric cusp. As our initial results show, self-consistent path of particles does not follow the magnetic field lines going to the cusp that is slightly in contrast to the conventional non self-consistent results from test particle method.

https://jesphys.ut.ac.ir/article_60291_38b0ec911d887f766a1bee408b26b3d1.pdf