Observed impacts of Tropical Cyclones Paddy (2021) and Freddy (2023) on the oceanic conditions in the Southeast Indian Ocean

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

2 Coastal Processes Research Group, Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia.

3 Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan.

Abstract

Tropical Cyclones (TC) Paddy and Freddy traversed the southern coast of Indonesia, each exhibiting distinct intensities and times. TC Paddy occurred in November 2021, while TC Freddy occurred in February 2023. This study utilized satellite data from multiple sources to assess the variations in the effects of TCs on aquatic environments, incorporating wind, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and sea surface temperature (SST) data. Both TC Paddy and Freddy exhibited comparable effects on the surface waters they traversed, specifically elevated Chl-a concentrations and a reduction in SST. Interestingly, a less significant rise in Chl-a, was observed as a consequence of TC Freddy, which was characterized by stronger winds than TC Paddy. This can be partly explained by the difference in translation speed between the two TCs. TC Paddy exhibited a slower translation speed of 1.07 m/s, in contrast to TC Freddy's 4.28 m/s, leading to prolonged turbulence of the surface water influenced by TC Paddy, hence facilitating a greater uplift of nutrients to the surface. The surface currents were also affected by the translation speed parameter. The strength would be affected by the slower (faster) translation speed, resulting in a stronger (weaker) outcome. Meanwhile, for wave parameters, the TC with greater (lesser) intensity produced higher (lower) significant wave heights.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Journal of the Earth and Space Physics
Volume 51, Issue 4
online publication date: 17 March 2026
March 2026
Pages 189-206

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