Low Frequency (LF) Radio Sounding for Ionospheric Remote Sensing and Earthquake Prediction (Case Study: a few Earthquakes in North-West Iran)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Department of Seismology, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Space Physics, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

This paper presents the first low-frequency (LF) radio sounding in Iran for earthquake prediction and ionospheric remote sensing purposes. Two LF signals transmitted from Türkiye (162 kHz) and Tajikistan (252 kHz) are recorded in Tehran. The recorded data in 2019 is studied in detail. The diurnal variation of the LF signal is averaged over a one-month period to remove temporal variations as a result of background ionospheric irregularities as well as pre-seismic anomalies. The capability of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model in explanation of the time evolution of the received signal is examined. The morning and evening termination time manifested from the amplitude of the received LF signal is compared against the variation of electron density obtained along the transmitter-receiver great circle path. It has been shown that simple comparison of the averaged electron density along the signal propagation path from the transmitter to the receiver coold be used to estimate the electron density during sunset and sunrise. A comprehensive method to advance the IRI estimation of the current state of the ionosphere is proposed. The LF signal anomalies associated with four earthquakes (EQ) near the propagated LF signals at 162 kHz from Türkiye to Tehran are investigated. The anomalous behavior of the LF signal within +/-15 days of the EQ is studied. Daytime variation as well as sunrise and sunset offset in days approaching each event is explored as a possible indicator of pre-seismic activity. The characterization of the LF radio signal and the possibility of earthquake prediction within the Iran plateau are discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Low Frequency (LF) Radio Sounding for Ionospheric Remote Sensing and Earthquake Prediction (Case Study: a few Earthquakes in North-West Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Safari 1
  • Ali Reza Mahmoudian 2
  • Mehdi Rezapour 1
1 Department of Seismology, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Space Physics, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

This paper presents the first low-frequency (LF) radio sounding in Iran for earthquake prediction and ionospheric remote sensing purposes. Two LF signals transmitted from Türkiye (162 kHz) and Tajikistan (252 kHz) are recorded in Tehran. The recorded data in 2019 is studied in detail. The diurnal variation of the LF signal is averaged over a one-month period to remove temporal variations as a result of background ionospheric irregularities as well as pre-seismic anomalies. The capability of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model in explanation of the time evolution of the received signal is examined. The morning and evening termination time manifested from the amplitude of the received LF signal is compared against the variation of electron density obtained along the transmitter-receiver great circle path. It has been shown that simple comparison of the averaged electron density along the signal propagation path from the transmitter to the receiver coold be used to estimate the electron density during sunset and sunrise. A comprehensive method to advance the IRI estimation of the current state of the ionosphere is proposed. The LF signal anomalies associated with four earthquakes (EQ) near the propagated LF signals at 162 kHz from Türkiye to Tehran are investigated. The anomalous behavior of the LF signal within +/-15 days of the EQ is studied. Daytime variation as well as sunrise and sunset offset in days approaching each event is explored as a possible indicator of pre-seismic activity. The characterization of the LF radio signal and the possibility of earthquake prediction within the Iran plateau are discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Low Frequency
  • Radio Sounding
  • Remote Sensing
  • EQ Precursors

مراجع

Akhoondzadeh, M., De Santis, A., Marchetti, D., Piscini, A., & Jin, S. (2019). Anomalous seismo-LAI variations potentially associated with the 2017 Mw = 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake from Swarm satellites, GPS-TEC and climatological data. Adv. Space Res, 64, 143-158, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2019.03.020
Alavi, M. (2007). Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am. J. Sci., 307, 1064–1095, https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2007.02.
Asai, S., Yamamoto, S., Kasahara, Y., Hobara, Y., Inaba, T., & Hayakawa M. (2011). Measurement of Doppler shifts of short‐distance subionospheric LF transmitter signals and seismic effects. J. Geophys. Res., 116, A02311,doi:10.1029/2010JA016055.
Bilitza, D., Altadill, D., Truhlik, V., Shubin, V., Galkin, I., Reinisch, B., & Huang X. (2017). International Reference Ionosphere 2016: From ionospheric climate to real-time weather predictions. Space Weather, 15, 418-429, doi:10.1002/2016SW001593.
Bilitza, D. (2018). IRI the International Standard for the Ionosphere. Adv. Radio Sci., 16, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-1-2018.
Cohen, M. B., Gross, N. C., Higginson-Rollins, M. A., Marshall, R. A., Gołkowski, M., Liles, W., Rodriguez, D., & Rockway, J. (2018). The lower ionospheric VLF/LF response to the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse observed across the continent. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 3348–3355. https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077351
Cohen, M. B., Inan U. S., & Paschal, E. W. (2010). Sensitive Broadband ELF/VLF Radio Reception With the AWESOME Instrument. in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 48, 1, 3-17, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2009.2028334.
Conti, L., Picozza , P., & Sotgiu, A. (2021). A Critical Review of Ground Based Observations of Earthquake Precursors. Front. Earth Sci., 9:676766. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.676766
Ghosh, S., Chowdhury, S., Kundu, S., Sasmal, S., Politis, D.Z., Potirakis, S.M., Hayakawa, M., Chakraborty, S., & Chakrabarti, S.K. (2022). Unusual Surface Latent Heat Flux Variations and Their Critical Dynamics Revealed before Strong Earthquakes. Entropy., 24, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/e24010023.
Gross, N. C., & Cohen, M. B. (2020). VLF remote sensing of the D region ionosphere using neural networks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2019JA027135. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027135
Hayakawa, M., Kasahara, Y., Nakamura, T., Muto, F., Horie, T., Maekawa, S., Hobara, Y., Rozhnoi, A. A, Solovieva, M., & Molchanov, O. A. (2010a). A statistical study on the correlation between lower ionospheric perturbations as seen by subionospheric VLF/LF propagation and earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09305, doi:10.1029/2009JA015143.
Hayakawa, M., Kasahara, Y., Nakamura, T., Hobara, Y., Rozhnoi, A., Solovieva, M., & Molchanov, O. A. (2010b). On the correlation between ionospheric perturbations as detected by subionospheric VLF/LF signals and earthquakes as characterized by seismic intensity. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 72, 982–987, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.05.009.
Hayakawa, M., Horie, T., Muto, F., Kasahara, Y., Ohta, K., Liu, J.Y., & Hobara, Y. (2010c). Subionospheric VLF/LF probing of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes: A possibility of earthquake prediction. SICE J. Control, Meas., and Syst. Integration, 3(1), 10–14.
Hayakawa, M. (2016). Earthquake Prediction with Radio Techniques. Singapore: Wiley.
Hayakawa, M., Izutsu, J., Schekotov, A., Yang, S.-S., Solovieva, M., & Budilova, E. (2021). Lithosphere– Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan. Geosciences 2021, 11, 481.
Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Hayakawa, M., & Menk, F., (2013). Subionospheric VLF perturbations observed at low latitude associated with earthquake from Indonesia region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 102, 71-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.04.011.
Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, & A., (2022). Earthquakes associated subionospheric VLF anomalies recorded at two low latitude stations in the South Pacific region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105834.
Kundu, S., Chowdhury, S., Gosh, S., Sasmal, S., Politis, D., Potirakis, S. M., Yang, S.S., Chakrabarti, S.K., & Hayakawa, M. (2022). Seismogenic anomalies in Atmospheric Gravity Waves observed by SABER/ TIMED satellite during large earthquakes. J. Sens., 2022, 3201104.
Mahmoudian, A., Mohebalhojeh, A. R., & Safari, M. (2021). Investigation of VLF radio sounding for studying semi-diurnal tide and gravity waves. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL092949. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092949
Mahmoudian, A., Safari, M. & Rezapour, M. (2022). Earthquake prediction assessment using VLF radio signal sounding and space-based ULF emission observation. Acta Geophys., 70, 1269–1284 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00785-9
Molchanov, O. A., Hayakawa, M., Ondoh, T., & Kawai, E. (1998). Precursory effects in the subionospheric VLF signals for the Kobe earthquake. Phys. Earth Planet. In., 105, 239–248.
Molchanov, O., Fedorov, E., Schekotov, A., Gordeev, E., Chebrov, V., Surkov, V., Rozhnoi, A., Andreevsky, S., Iudin, D., Yunga, S., Lutikov, A. Hayakawa, M., & Biagi, P. F. (2004). Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism for preseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 757–767.
Nissen, E., Tatar, M., Jackson, J.A. & Allen, M.B. (2011). New views on earthquake faulting in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran. Geophysical Journal International, 186, 928–944, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.5119.x.
Ouzounov, D., Hattori, K., Taylor, P., & Pulinets, P. S. (2018). Pre-Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies. Wiley, ISBN:9781119156932, 1119156939
Picozza, P., Conti, L., & Sotgiu, A. (2021). Looking for Earthquake Precursors From Space: A Critical Review. Front. Earth Sci., 9:676775. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.676775
Pulinets S., & Boyarchuk, K. (2005). Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. Springer.
Pulinets, S., & Ouzounov, D. (2011). Lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model—A unified concept for earthquake precursor validation. J. Asian Earth Sci., 41, 371–382, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.005.
Rawer, K., Bilitza, D., & Ramakrishnan, S. (1978). Goals and Status of the International Reference Ionosphere. Rev. Geophys., 16, 177-181.
Richardson, D. K., & Cohen, M. B. (2021). Seasonal variation of the D-region ionosphere: Very low frequency (VLF) and machine learning models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2021JA029689. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029689
Sorokin, V.V., Chmyrev, V., & Hayakawa, M. (2015). Electrodynamic Coupling of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere of the Earth, NOVA Science Pub. Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 355p
Vergés, J., Saura, E., Casciello, E., Fernàndez, M., Villaseñor, A., Jiménez-Munt, I. & García-Castellanos, D. (2011). Crustal-scale cross-sections across the NW Zagros belt: implications for the Arabian margin reconstruction. Geol. Mag., 148, 739–761, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000331.
Vernant, P., Nilforoushan, F., Hatzfeld, D., Abbassi, M.R., Vigny, C., Masson, F., Nankali, H., Martinod, J., Ashtiani, A., Bayer, R., Tavakoli, F. & Chéry, J. (2004). Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman. Geophys. J. Int., 157, 381–398, https://doi.org/10.1111/gji.2004.157.issue-1.
Wu, L., Zhou, Y., Miao, Z., & Qin, K. (2018). Anomaly Identification and Validation for Winter 2017 Iraq and Iran Earthquakes, EGU2018-5800, 2018 EGU General Assembly.
Yang, S.-S., Asano, T., & Hayakawa, M. (2019). Abnormal gravity wave activity in the stratosphere prior to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics., 124, 1410–1425. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026002.
Yang, Sh., & Hayakawa, M. (2020). Gravity Wave Activity in the Stratosphere before the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake as the Mechanism of Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere Coupling. Entropy., 22, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010110.
فیزیک زمین و فضا
دوره 50، شماره 4
تاریخ انتشار الکترونیکی: 25 اسفند 1403
اسفند 1403
صفحه 147-163

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار