مدلی عددی به روش حجم متناهی برای شبیه‌سازی انتقال گردوخاک در جوّ

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، پژوهشکده هواشناسی و علوم جو، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، پژوهشکده هواشناسی و علوم جو، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه فیزیک فضا، موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران، ایران

چکیده

امروزه پدیدۀ گردوخاک در بسیاری از مناطق دنیا به‌ویژه خاورمیانه به یکی از مشکلات بزرگ تبدیل شده است. در این مطالعه، به‌منظور شبیه‌سازی انتقال و نهشت ذرات گردوخاک با استفاده از تعدادی از طرحواره‌های روش حجم متناهی، مدلی ارائه و خروجی هریک از این طرحواره‌ها برای دو مطالعۀ موردی بررسی شده است. همچنین به‌منظور بررسی درستی خروجی‌ها و ارزیابی نحوۀ شناسایی چشمۀ گسیل گردوخاک و گستردگی مناطق تحت پوشش آن، خروجی طرحوارۀ UNO مرتبۀ دوم به‌عنوان نمونه با تصاویر ماهواره و خروجی مدل HYSPLIT مقایسه شده است. داده‌های موردنیاز برای اجرای مدل از جمله داده‌های باد از خروجی مدل WRF استخراج و برای محاسبۀ گسیل سطحی گردوخاک از طرحوارۀ GOCART استفاده شده است.
 مقایسۀ خروجی این مدل با تصاویر ماهواره نشان می‌دهد که مدل در هر دو توفان گردوخاک مناطق تحت پوشش و چشمۀ گسیل را به‌درستی شبیه‌سازی کرده است. همچنین الگوی گردوخاک به‌دست‌آمده توسط طرحواره‌های مختلف با توجه به‌اینکه میدان باد و طرحوارۀ گسیل مشابه است، شباهت قابل قبولی با یکدیگر دارند و از مقایسۀ کمّی طرحواره‌ها نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که طرحوارۀ UNO مرتبۀ دوم پس از طرحوارۀ پادجریانسو، کمترین زمان اجرا را دارد و در مقایسه با سایر طرحواره‌های مرتبۀ اول و دوم دارای کمترین میرایی است. مقایسۀ کمّی خروجی طرحواره‌ها با خروجی مدل WRF-Chem نشان می‌دهد که این طرحواره از نظر جذر میانگین مجذور خطا و ضریب همبستگی نیز در مقایسه با سایر طرحواره‌های مشابه عملکرد بهتری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A finite-volume numerical model for the simulation of dust transport in the atmosphere

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Karami 1
  • Abbas Ranjbar SaadatAbadi 2
  • Ali Reza Mohebalhojeh 3
  • Mohammad Moradi 2
1 Ph.D. Student, Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Space Physics, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Since dust phenomenon has become one of the major problems in many parts of the world, a large number of models have been developed in order to predict the concentration of dust particles in the atmosphere. The current study is devoted to present a model to simulate transport and deposition of dust particles using several schemes of the finite volume method. The outputs of each of these schemes are compared with each other, both quantitatively and qualitatively in two case studies. The data needed to run the model, including the wind are data derived from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model output and the GOCART emission scheme is used to calculate the vertical dust flux from surface. Comparing the model outputs with the satellite images available and the HYSPLIT model output show that both the areas covered with dust and the emission of dust are simulated correctly. The dust patterns obtained using the various schemes examined are reasonably similar to each other, considering the fact that the wind field and the emission scheme are similar.
Two cases of the dust storm that affected the extensive regions of Iraq and Iran are studied and simulated in this paper. In the first case, the dust emission starts from the eastern part of Syria on the 18th of June 2012. According to the satellite images, the dust that transported southeastward enters Iraq and subsequently affects the west and southwest regions of Iran, including parts of the Persian Gulf. The second case is related to a strong dust storm which sets up in Iraq, due to a synoptic system active on the 31st of August 2015. Dust emission is seen in the satellite images over Syria–Iraq border on the 31st of August 2015. The dust intensity increased during the next 24 hours, and was observed like a cyclone in the eastern and central parts of Iraq. Afterwards, the dust entered Iran’s borders and was extended towards the Persian Gulf, and finally covered all parts of the Persian Gulf.
The performance of the flux limiter, the second- and the third-order UNO, the second- and fourth-order Bott finite volume schemes have been examined in terms of numerical accuracy and computational cost. The numerical accuracy has been determined by comparing the dust concentrations obtained by the model with the corresponding results of the WRF-Chem. The dust concentration patterns obtained by all of the schemes are in overall agreement with each other even after 72 hours of integration, the differences being mainly in the damping caused by the schemes and their computational costs. Whereas the highest damping is observed for the upstream scheme, the fourth-order Bott exhibits the least damping followed by the third-order UNO. The latter two schemes are, however, involved high volumes of computation and may not be cost effective. Considering both numerical accuracy in terms of damping and the computational cost, the second-order UNO scheme offers promising results. With the quantitative comparison carried out, it can be concluded that the second-order UNO scheme shows the most correlation coefficient with the WRF-Chem model output and is the most appropriate scheme, among the schemes examined, for the dust operating model.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dust Phenomenon
  • model
  • simulation
  • scheme
  • finite volume
  • quantitative comparison

مراجع

Black, T. L., 1994, The new NMC mesoscale Eta model: Description and forecast examples. Weather and forecasting, 9(2), 265–278.
Bott, A., 1989, A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes. Monthly Weather Review, 117(5), 1006–1016.
Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H. and Frohn, L. M., 2002, Modelling transport and deposition of caesium and iodine from the Chernobyl accident using the DREAM model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2(5), 397–417.
Broxton, P. D., Zeng, X., Sulla-Menashe, D. and Troch, P. A., 2014, A global land cover climatology using MODIS data. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 53(6), 1593–1605.
Cavazos Guerra, C. D. C., 2011, Modelling the Atmospheric Controls and Climate Impact of Mineral Dust in The Sahara Desert. PhD dissertation, UCL (University College London).
Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Lucchesi, R., Huebert, B., Weber, R., Anderson, T., Masonis, S., Blomquist, B., Bandy, A. and Thornton, D., 2003, A global aerosol model forecast for the ACE‐Asia field experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 108 (D23).
Chou, M. D. and Suarez, M. J., 1994, An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo, 104606(3), p. 85.
Colarco, P., da Silva, A., Chin, M. and Diehl, T., 2009, Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS-4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground-based aerosol optical depth. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14207, doi:10.1029/2009JD012820.
Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D., 2003, HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html). NOAA Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
Giles, J., 2005, Climate science: the dustiest place on Earth. Nature, 434(7035), 816–819.
Ginoux, P., Prospero, J. M., Torres, O. and Chin, M., 2004, Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: Correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation. Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(2), 113–128.
Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O. and Lin, S. J., 2001, Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 106(D17), 20255–20273.
Godunov, S. K., 1959, A difference method for numerical calculation of discontinuous solutions of the equations of hydrodynamics. Matematicheskii Sbornik, 89(3), 271–306.
Guelle, W., Balkanski, Y. J., Schulz, M., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Moulin, C., Arimoto, R. and Perry, K. D., 2000, Modeling the atmospheric distribution of mineral aerosol: Comparison with ground measurements and satellite observations for yearly and synoptic timescales over the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 105(D2), 1997–2012.
Janjić, Z. I., 1990, The step-mountain coordinate: Physical package. Monthly Weather Review, 118(7), pp.1429-1443.
 
Janjic, Z. I., 1996, The Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme in the NCEP Eta Model. World Meteorological Organization-Publications-WMO TD., 4–14.
Janjic, Z. I., 1994, The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Monthly Weather Review, 122(5), 927–945.
Janjic, Z. I. 1994, The step-mountain coordinate: Physical package. Monthly Weather Review, 118(7), 1429–1443.
Jung, E., 2005, Numerical simulation of Asian dust events: The impacts of convective transport and wet deposition. PhD Thesis. The University of New South Wales, Sydney.
Lauritzen, P. H., Kaas, E. and Machenhauer, B., 2006, A mass-conservative semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian limited-area shallow-water model on the sphere. Monthly weather review, 134(4), 1205–1221.
Leonard, B. P., 1991, The ULTIMATE conservative difference scheme applied to unsteady one-dimensional advection. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 88(1), 17–74.
Leslie, L. M. and Wightwick, G. R., 1995, A new limited-area numerical weather prediction model for operations and research: Formulation and assessment. Mon. Weather Rev, 123, 1759–1775.
LeVeque, R. J., 1996, High-resolution conservative algorithms for advection in incompressible flow. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 33(2), 627–665.
Li, J. G., 2008, Upstream nonoscillatory advection schemes. Monthly Weather Review, 136(12), 4709–4729.
Liu, M., Westphal, D. L., Wang, S., Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., Zhou, J. and Chen, Y., 2003, A high-resolution numerical study of the Asian dust storms of April 2001: Characterization of Asian aerosols and their radiative impacts on climate. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D23), ACE21-1.
Liu, M. and Westphal, D. L., 2001, A study of the sensitivity of simulated mineral dust production to model resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 106(D16), 18099–18112.
Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G., 1995, Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil‐derived dust emission scheme. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 100(D8), 16415–16430.
Mesinger, F., 2000, Numerical methods: The Arakawa approach, horizontal grid, global, and limited-area modeling. International Geophysics, 70, 373–419.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J. and Clough, S. A., 1997, Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated‐k model for the longwave. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102(D14), 16663–16682.
Morcrette, J. J., Boucher, O., Jones, L., Salmond, D., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., Benedetti, A., Bonet, A., Kaiser, J. W., Razinger, M. and Schulz, M., 2009, Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts integrated forecast system: Forward modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114(D6).
Morcrette, J. J., Beljaars, A., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. and Boucher, O., 2008, Sea‐salt and dust aerosols in the ECMWF IFS model. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(24).
Nickovic, S., Kallos, G., Papadopoulos, A. and Kakaliagou, O., 2001, A model for prediction of desert dust cycle in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 106(D16), 18113–18129.
Noh, Y., Cheon, W. G., Hong, S. Y. and Raasch, S., 2003, Improvement of the K-profile model for the planetary boundary layer based on large eddy simulation data. Boundary-layer meteorology, 107(2), pp. 401–427.
Roe, P. L., 1985, Some contributions to the modelling of discontinuous flows. In Large-scale computations in fluid mechanics, 163–193.
Schubert, S. D., Rood, R. B. and Pfaendtner, J., 1993, An assimilated dataset for earth science applications. Bulletin of the American meteorological Society, 74(12), 2331–2342.
Schulz, M., 2007, Constraining model estimates of the aerosol radiative forcing. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris.
Shao, Y., Leys, J. F., McTainsh, G. H. and Tews, K., 2007, Numerical simulation of the October 2002 dust event in Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D8).
Shao, Y. and Dong, C. H., 2006, A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modelling and monitoring. Global and Planetary Change, 52(1), 1–22.Tegen, I. 2003, Modeling the mineral dust aerosol cycle in the climate system. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(18), 1821–1834.
Shao, Y., Raupach, M. R. and Findlater, P. A., 1993, Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D7), 12719–12726.
Sundram, I., Claiborn, C., Strand, T., Lamb, B., Chandler, D. and Saxton, K., 2004, Numerical modeling of windblown dust in the Pacific Northwest with improved meteorology and dust emission models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D24).
Uno, I., 2003, Regional chemical weather forecasting system CFORS: Model descriptions and analysis of surface observations at Japanese island stations during the ACE-Asia experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8668, doi:10.1029/2002JD002845.
Van Leer, B., 1977, Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. IV. A new approach to numerical convection. Journal of computational physics, 23(3), 276–299.
Van Leer, B., 1974, Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme. Journal of computational physics, 14(4), 361–370.
Woodward, S., 2011, Mineral dust in HadGEM2, Tech. Note 87, Hadley Cent., Met Office, Exeter, UK.
Woodward, S., 2001, Modeling the atmospheric life cycle and radiative impact of mineral dust in the Hadley Centre climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D16), 18155–18166.
Zakey, S., Solmon, F., and Giorgi, F., 2006, Implementation and testing of a desert dust module in a regional climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4687–4704.
فیزیک زمین و فضا
دوره 44، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1397
صفحه 125-146

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار